Agents 101

Overview

Welcome to Agents 101! This course is designed to introduce you to the development of Agents, providing a comprehensive guide from foundational concepts to practical implementation. Whether you're a beginner in programming or an experienced developer, this course caters to various skill levels, offering a pathway to create increasingly sophisticated Agents and explore diverse use cases.

If you encounter uncertainties or have questions about specific terms or topics throughout the course, our support team is available on Discord (opens in a new tab) to assist you.

Introduction to Agents

In this course, you'll delve into the world of Agents using the uAgents Framework . Agents are programs able to operate autonomously within decentralized landscapes, aligned with user-defined objectives. These agents have the ability to connect, search, transact, establish dynamic markets and so on. By leveraging artificial intelligence, API calls, blockchain technology, and business logic, Agents automate multiple workflows. The aim is to facilitate interactions with their environment and other networked agents without human intervention.

Set up your development environment 🛠️

Prerequisites

Before embarking on this course, ensure your machine meets the following requirements:

1. Python 3.8+: download and install Python from Python's official website (opens in a new tab)
2. Preferred IDE: Visual Studio Code or PyCharm (alternative options like Notepad are feasible).

Set up development tools

Installing Homebrew

Homebrew streamlines software installations on MacOS via the command line. To install and update Homebrew, execute the following commands:

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

You can verify it here (opens in a new tab). Let's then ensure Homebrew is updated:

brew update

Installing PyEnv

Now, you need to install PyEnv. It is a simple tool to manage multiple versions of Python. Run:

brew install pyenv

Once you have installed PyEnv you can configure the shell environment:

echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'command -v pyenv >/dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.zshrc

You are now ready to install Python if you haven't done it yet. You need to install a version of Python 3.8 or above (for this example, we use version 3.10):

pyenv install 3.10

You can get help or check a command insights by running:

pyenv help

Let's now ensure the global version of Python you are working with is not the default one in the system. Run:

pyenv global 3.10 # this sets the global interpreter
pyenv versions # this verifies if it is set up correctly

Installing Poetry

You now need to install Poetry. Poetry is used for managing Python project dependencies, handling virtual environments, packaging, and publishing Python libraries or applications.

You can install Poetry by running the following command:

curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 -

Initialize your project with Poetry

You now have all necessary tools installed. You are ready to initialize your project! Let's create a working directory and initialize Poetry 🎉.

First, you need to create a working directory for your project using mkdir command. Then, you will need to change directory to this one, using cd command:

mkdir development/agent-demo
cd development/agent-demo

You can ensure you are in the correct directory by checking your current path:

pwd
# Example output: /Users/Jessica/Documents

If you are happy with the install location for the project, go ahead and initialize Poetry:

poetry init

Once you complete the initialization, run:

poetry install

This command will install the dependencies specified in the pyproject.toml file.

Congratulations! You've completed the installation process. You're now all set to embark on creating your first AI Agent!

Overview of the uAgents Framework

The uAgents Framework provides the essential infrastructure for creating and deploying Agents within Fetch.ai Ecosystem. It offers a comprehensive toolkit, protocols, and functionalities crucial for developing autonomous agents. The uAgents Framework is integrated with several components of the Fetch.ai Ecosystem, including the AI Engine , the Almanac contract and the Agentverse .

Core concepts

Addresses

Agents are identified by two types of addresses, serving as identifiers for each agent within the Fetch.ai Ecosystem:

1. uAgent Address: the primary agent identifier; it allows it to interact with other agents, exchange messages, and participate in decentralized network activities

2. Fetch Address: this cryptographic public address is linked to the agent and its wallet on the Fetch.ai blockchain; it enables various functionalities, including interacting with the Fetch ledger , registering in the Almanac contract and performing operations, including token or asset transfers on the blockchain.

Storage

Agents can store information in JSON files that they can freely retrieve when needed. Storage plays a critical role in maintaining agent state, retaining past interactions, and facilitating informed decision-making based on historical data.

Protocols

The uAgents Framework provides comprehensive support for the organization of message types and their handlers within protocols. Protocols are sets of rules that govern the transmission, reception and interpretation of data between agents. They define the communication format, timing, sequence and error handling. Protocols enable standardized communication and ensure accurate and reliable data exchange. Agents using the same protocol can communicate directly with each other.

Exchange protocol

The Exchange Protocol facilitates efficient communication between agents by using standardized messaging techniques. Messages are packed in envelopes which are encoded and transmitted to specific endpoints via HTTP. Messages consist of key-value pairs (in JSON format) and are packed in envelopes with metadata. Envelopes contain:

• Sender and recipient addresses.
• Message schema.
• Payload.
• Expiration time.
• Signature for authentication.

The exchange protocol uses a standardized HTTP 1.1 POST /submit endpoint for message processing and expects JSON formatted data. These details ensure consistent and standardized communication within the Fetch.Agents ecosystem.

Almanac contract, registering, searching and discovery

The Almanac contract is an important component in Fetch.ai Ecosystem. It operates as a blockchain-based repository where agents register, exchange information and establish communication. Registration in the Almanac is mandatory so that agents can participate in remote interactions and become discoverable through the Agentverse Explorer .

Agents keep their registrations up-to-date within certain block limits to ensure the accuracy and relevance of their data. Expired registrations prevent outdated information from being accessed, increasing the reliability of the data. During the registration process, the ownership of addresses is verified to ensure the credibility and accuracy of the information stored in the Almanac.

The agents registered in the Almanac provide service endpoints for remote communication, which contain weighted parameters that enable effective interaction. As a central hub, the Almanac facilitates the discovery of endpoints based on these assigned weights. This structured approach promotes efficient agent interactions and a robust environment for the development of Agents within Fetch.ai's decentralized network.

Coding and implementation

Create your first agent

Creating your first agent is a straightforward process. First of all, we need to create a Python file for this example. We can do this by running:

windows
echo. > alice_agent.py

We can now code our agent. Let's start by importing the required modules. In our case, we would need to import the Agent module from the uagents library, and proceed to instantiate the agent by providing a name. The following code exemplifies the creation of the simplest possible agent:

alice_agent.py
 
# Import the required classes
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
agent = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
 

You can run this with poetry run python alice_agent.py but it won't do much, yet!

Create a second agent and start an interaction

Let's get Alice to do something! We're going to get Alice, on start up, to introduce itself and provide its address by printing both, on the terminal window. We can add a on_event("startup") decorator to make the agent run the defined function when it is run.

Let's update alice_agent.py with the code snippet below:

alice_agent.py
 
# Import the required classes
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
agent = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
 
 
# Provide your Agent with a job
@agent.on_event("startup")
async def introduce_agent(ctx: Context):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Hello, I'm agent {agent.name} and my address is {agent.address}.")
 
 
# This constructor simply ensure that only this script is running
if __name__ == "__main__":
    agent.run()
 

Decorators are moderately advanced in Python, but in this guide all you need to know is that they're there so that the agent knows how to act on the declared decorated functions.

In our example above, the on_event() decorator specifies that the agent should run an introduce_agent() function when the agent starts up. This function will then return a message presenting the agent with its name and address by using the Context class, which is used to retrieve the agent's related name and address using the agent.name and agent.address methods.

Let's run the alice_agent.py script again. Run: poetry run python alice_agent.py

This time, the output will be:

Hello, I'm agent alice and my address is agent1qww3ju3h6kfcuqf54gkghvt2pqe8qp97a7nzm2vp8plfxflc0epzcjsv79t.

Printing agent's addresses

Sometimes, we just need to see what a value looks like. We can quickly do so in Python by using the print() in-built function. As we have mentioned earlier, every AI Agent is identified by two addresses within the uAgents Framework: uAgent and Fetch Network addresses. We have showed above how to check for an uAgent address using the agent.address method of the Context class. Let's now print them in the console to see their differences using the print() function:

address.py
 
from uagents import Agent
 
agent = Agent(name="alice")
 
print("uAgent address: ", agent.address)
print("Fetch network address: ", agent.wallet.address())
 

The output of the above would look similar to:

uAgent address: agent1qww3ju3h6kfcuqf54gkghvt2pqe8qp97a7nzm2vp8plfxflc0epzcjsv79t
Fetch network address: fetch1454hu0n9eszzg8p7mvan3ep7484jxl5mkf9phg

Agents and interval tasks

Interval tasks are tasks or set of instructions executed at predefined time intervals. These are useful for automating repetitive tasks, scheduling background processes, or managing periodic activities in applications. Setting up interval tasks for agents is a great way to harness their potential and streamline processes including bidding, searching, data processing, job scheduling and more.

If you want to create an interval task, you need to use an on_interval() decorator to set up an interval with a timer that triggers the task repetition. As an introductory example, we can consider an agent periodically printing hello and its name on the console. In this case, we apply the decorator to a say_hello() function which will be repeated at the specified time interval:

interval_task.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
agent = Agent(name="agent", seed="alice recovery phrase")
 
 
@agent.on_interval(period=2.0)
async def say_hello(ctx: Context):
    ctx.logger.info(f'hello, my name is {agent.name}')
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    agent.run()
 

The output will be printed on your terminal every 2 seconds using the ctx.logger.info() method of the Context class.

The output would look as follows:

hello, my name is agent
hello, my name is agent
hello, my name is agent

Agent interactions and interval tasks

We can now introduce a second agent to demonstrate how two agents can interact with one another. Considering the previous example, we create two agents, each one with a name and seed phrase, and enable them to periodically engage with each other. We need to introduce the Bureau class which enables agents, within the same program, to be run together from the same script.

Let's create a new Python file for these agents:

windows
echo. > duo_agent.py

The script will look as follows:

duo_agent.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Context, Bureau
 
alice = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
bob = Agent(name="bob", seed="bob recovery phrase")
 
 
@alice.on_interval(period=2.0)
async def say_hello(ctx: Context):
    ctx.logger.info(f'Hello, my name is {alice.name}')
 
 
@bob.on_interval(period=2.0)
 

You can now run the script: poetry run python duo_agent.py.

The output would look as follows:

[alice] Hello, my name is alice
[  bob] Hello, my name is bob
[alice] Hello, my name is alice
[  bob] Hello, my name is bob
[alice] Hello, my name is alice
[  bob] Hello, my name is bob

Agent communication

We can now show how to enable effective communication between different agents. To do so, we need to introduce the Model class which allows to create a structured message format for messages to be exchanged between the agents.

Let's create a new script for this example:

windows
echo. > agent_communication.py

We can now define the Message data model and our two agents:

agent_communication.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Bureau, Context, Model
 
 
class Message(Model):
    message: str
 
 
alice = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
bob = Agent(name="bob", seed="bob recovery phrase")
 

We need to define a function for alice to send messages to bob periodically. We can do this by defining a send_message() function using the Context class and make alice send a message to bob on an interval:

agent_communication.py
 
@alice.on_interval(period=3.0)
async def send_message(ctx: Context):
    await ctx.send(bob.address, Message(message="hello there bob"))
 

We then need a way for bob to receive these messages. We can do this by creating a function for bob to handle all incoming messages from other agents. We can do this with a on_message() decorator that will activate the message_handler() function once bob receives a message matching the Message data model we previously defined:

agent_communication.py
 
@bob.on_message(model=Message)
async def bob_message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
    await ctx.send(alice.address, Message(message="hello there alice"))
 

We then need to define a message handler function for alice to handle response messages from bob. We do so using a on_message() decorator:

agent_communication.py
 
@alice.on_message(model=Message)
async def alice_message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
 

Finally, we need to add both agents to the Bureau in order to run them from the same script:

agent_communication.py
 
bureau = Bureau()
bureau.add(alice)
bureau.add(bob)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    bureau.run()
 

The overall script would be:

agent_communication.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Bureau, Context, Model
 
 
class Message(Model):
    message: str
 
 
alice = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
bob = Agent(name="bob", seed="bob recovery phrase")
 
 
@alice.on_interval(period=3.0)
async def send_message(ctx: Context):
    await ctx.send(bob.address, Message(message="hello there bob"))
 
 
@bob.on_message(model=Message)
async def bob_message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
    await ctx.send(alice.address, Message(message="hello there alice"))
 
 
@alice.on_message(model=Message)
async def alice_message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
 
 
bureau = Bureau()
bureau.add(alice)
bureau.add(bob)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    bureau.run()
 

We can now run the script. Just run: poetry run python agent_communication.py in your terminal.

The output would look as follows:

[alice]: Received message from agent1q0mau8vkmg78xx0sh8cyl4tpl4ktx94pqp2e94cylu6haugt2hd7j9vequ7: hello there alice
[  bob]: Received message from agent1qww3ju3h6kfcuqf54gkghvt2pqe8qp97a7nzm2vp8plfxflc0epzcjsv79t: hello there bob
[alice]: Received message from agent1q0mau8vkmg78xx0sh8cyl4tpl4ktx94pqp2e94cylu6haugt2hd7j9vequ7: hello there alice
[  bob]: Received message from agent1qww3ju3h6kfcuqf54gkghvt2pqe8qp97a7nzm2vp8plfxflc0epzcjsv79t: hello there bob
[alice]: Received message from agent1q0mau8vkmg78xx0sh8cyl4tpl4ktx94pqp2e94cylu6haugt2hd7j9vequ7: hello there alice
[ bob]: Received message from agent1qww3ju3h6kfcuqf54gkghvt2pqe8qp97a7nzm2vp8plfxflc0epzcjsv79t: hello there bob

Enabling search and discovery for your Agent (Almanac registration)

Agent registration in the Almanac contract is a key feature which enables discoverability of agents as well enabled remote agent communication. To register, agents must pay a small fee. Therefore your agents need to have funds available in their Fetch wallet address. Luckily in this demo we utilize the testnet environment to simulate real world transactions.

We first import modules, then initialize our agents and include a function ensuring that agents have non-zero balances in their wallets. This function will check if you have enough tokens to register in the Almanac. If not, it will add tokens to your Fetch wallet address. Agents can communicate by querying the Almanac and retrieving an HTTP endpoint from the recipient agent. Therefore, we need to specify the service endpoints when defining an agent at registration.

Let's create a Python script for this example:

windows
echo. > almanac_registration.py

We will have what follows:

almanac_registration.py
 
from uagents.setup import fund_agent_if_low
from uagents import Agent, Context, Protocol
 
agent = Agent(
    name="alice",
    port=8000,
    seed="alice secret phrase",
    endpoint=["http://127.0.0.1:8000/submit"],
)
 
fund_agent_if_low(agent.wallet.address())
 
 
@agent.on_interval(period=3)
async def hi(ctx: Context):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Hello")
 
 
agent.run()
 

Here, we defined a local http address but you could also define a remote address to allow agent communication over different machines through the internet. Importantly, make sure to add a seed phrase to your agent so you don't have to fund different addresses each time you run your agent.

To run the script use the poetry run python almanac_registration.py command.

Remote agent communication

Agents can also interact remotely. To achieve a remote communication, we simply need an agent's address and query the rest of its information in the Almanac contract. You can create two agents operating on separate ports and terminals within the same device; this mirrors a real-world scenario in which agents communicate across different geographic locations.

In this example, we provide scripts for two agents. To establish a line of remote communication, both agents need to be registered on the Almanac contract and need to have non-zero balances in their Fetch wallet addresses.

We can start with alice agent. Let's create a Python script for it:

windows
echo. > remote_alice.py

We first import the required modules. We then use the Model class to define a Message data model for messages to be exchanged between our agents. We also need to provide Bob's address as a recipient address for reference. We can then create our agent alice, by providing the needed information for registration. We need to make sure it has enough balance in its wallet. We then proceed and define its functions. Remember that you need to provide the RECIPIENT_ADDRESS, name, port, seed and endpoint parameters to correctly run this agent and code.

The script would be as follows:

remote_alice.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Context, Model
from uagents.setup import fund_agent_if_low
 
 
class Message(Model):
    message: str
 
 
RECIPIENT_ADDRESS = "agent1q2kxet3vh0scsf0sm7y2erzz33cve6tv5uk63x64upw5g68kr0chkv7hw50"
 
agent = Agent(
    name="alice",
    port=8000,
    seed="alice secret phrase",
    endpoint=["http://127.0.0.1:8000/submit"],
)
 
fund_agent_if_low(agent.wallet.address())
 
 
@agent.on_interval(period=2.0)
async def send_message(ctx: Context):
    await ctx.send(RECIPIENT_ADDRESS, Message(message="hello there bob"))
 
 
@agent.on_message(model=Message)
async def message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    agent.run()
 

Similarly, we need to define a script for bob so to create a remote communication with alice agent. Let's create a Python script for it:

windows
echo. > remote_bob.py

Instead of creating and manually writing out the same script we can copy and rename Alice's script and modify the agent's name, seed, port, decorator as well as the message content:

remote_bob.py
 
from uagents.setup import fund_agent_if_low
from uagents import Agent, Context, Model
 
 
class Message(Model):
    message: str
 
 
agent = Agent(
    name="bob",
    port=8001,
    seed="bob secret phrase",
    endpoint=["http://127.0.0.1:8001/submit"],
)
 
fund_agent_if_low(agent.wallet.address())
 
 
@agent.on_message(model=Message)
async def message_handler(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: Message):
    ctx.logger.info(f"Received message from {sender}: {msg.message}")
 
    await ctx.send(sender, Message(message="hello there alice"))
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    agent.run()
 

Remember that you need to provide the name, port, seed and endpoint parameters to correctly run this agent!

In different terminal windows, first run remote_bob.py and then remote_alice.py. They will register automatically in the Almanac contract using their funds. The received messages will print out in each terminal. In order to run the two agents in parallel terminals use the poetry run python remote_alice.py and poetry run python remote_bob.py. The expected output would be:

Alice:

[alice]: Received message from agent1q2kxet3vh0scsf0sm7y2erzz33cve6tv5uk63x64upw5g68kr0chkv7hw50: hello there alice
[alice]: Received message from agent1q2kxet3vh0scsf0sm7y2erzz33cve6tv5uk63x64upw5g68kr0chkv7hw50: hello there alice
[alice]: Received message from agent1q2kxet3vh0scsf0sm7y2erzz33cve6tv5uk63x64upw5g68kr0chkv7hw50: hello there alice

Bob:

[  bob]: Received message from agent1qdp9j2ev86k3h5acaayjm8tpx36zv4mjxn05pa2kwesspstzj697xy5vk2a: hello there bob
[  bob]: Received message from agent1qdp9j2ev86k3h5acaayjm8tpx36zv4mjxn05pa2kwesspstzj697xy5vk2a: hello there bob
[  bob]: Received message from agent1qdp9j2ev86k3h5acaayjm8tpx36zv4mjxn05pa2kwesspstzj697xy5vk2a: hello there bob

Agents and storage

Agents within the uAgents Framework have the ability to store information locally within a JSON file. This ensures data retrieval as needed. This storage functionality serves as a fundamental component for agents to maintain a state, recollect prior interactions, and base decisions on historical data.

The aim behind integrating storage features is to empower agents to preserve and leverage information over time, facilitating the recollection of past interactions and context for more informed decision-making. This capacity to learn from past experiences enables agents to adapt and refine their behavior and decision processes.

Retrieving or setting storage information within the Framework is achieved through two methods:

• ctx.storage.get() for retrieval.
• ctx.storage.set() for setting data.

An example is provided below. In this example we have a full script for an agent holding a number, incrementing it by one and saving the new number to its storage.

We first create the Python file containing the script. Run:

windows
echo. > storage.py

The script for this example is:

storage.py
 
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
agent = Agent(name="alice", seed="alice recovery phrase")
 
 
@agent.on_interval(period=1.0)
async def on_interval(ctx: Context):
    current_count = ctx.storage.get("count") or 0
 
    ctx.logger.info(f"My count is: {current_count}")
 
    ctx.storage.set("count", current_count + 1)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    agent.run()
 

We can then run the script: poetry run python storage.py The output would be:

[alice]: My count is: 1
[alice]: My count is: 2
[alice]: My count is: 3
...

Booking a table at a restaurant

We now want to show how to set up the code to create a **restaurant booking service with two Agents: a restaurant with tables available and a user requesting a table availability.

We can do this by defining 2 specific protocols: one for table querying (i.e., Table querying protocol) and one for table booking (i.e., Table booking protocol). We then need to define two agents, restaurant and user, which will make use of the protocols to query and book a table.

We can start by writing the code for our two protocols.

Table querying protocol

Let's start by defining the protocol for querying availability of tables at the restaurant. We start by importing the necessary classes and defining the message data models for types of messages being handled. We then proceed and create an instance of the Protocol class and name it query_proto:

query.py
 
from typing import List
 
from uagents import Context, Model, Protocol
 
 
class TableStatus(Model):
    seats: int
    time_start: int
    time_end: int
 
 
class QueryTableRequest(Model):
    guests: int
    time_start: int
    duration: int
 
 
class QueryTableResponse(Model):
    tables: List[int]
 
 
class GetTotalQueries(Model):
    pass
 
 
class TotalQueries(Model):
    total_queries: int
 

Here, we defined different messages data models:

• TableStatus represents the status of a table and includes the attributes number of seats, start time, and end time.
• QueryTableRequest is used for querying table availability. It includes information about the number of guests, start time, and duration of the table request.
• QueryTableResponse contains the response to the query table availability. It includes a list of table numbers that are available based on query parameters.
• GetTotalQueries is used to request the total number of queries made to the system.
• TotalQueries contains the response to the total queries request, including the count of total queries made to the system.

Let's then define the message handlers for the query_proto protocol:

query.py
 
query_proto = Protocol(name="RestaurantQueryProtocolExample", version="0.1.0")
 
 
@query_proto.on_message(model=QueryTableRequest, replies=QueryTableResponse)
async def handle_query_request(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: QueryTableRequest):
    tables = {
        int(num): TableStatus(**status)
        for (
            num,
            status,
        ) in ctx.storage._data.items()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
        if isinstance(num, int)
    }
 
    available_tables = []
    for number, status in tables.items():
        if (
                status.seats >= msg.guests
                and status.time_start <= msg.time_start
                and status.time_end >= msg.time_start + msg.duration
        ):
            available_tables.append(int(number))
 
    ctx.logger.info(f"Query: {msg}. Available tables: {available_tables}.")
 
    await ctx.send(sender, QueryTableResponse(tables=available_tables))
 
    total_queries = int(ctx.storage.get("total_queries") or 0)
    ctx.storage.set("total_queries", total_queries + 1)
 
 
@query_proto.on_query(model=GetTotalQueries, replies=TotalQueries)
async def handle_get_total_queries(ctx: Context, sender: str, _msg: GetTotalQueries):
    total_queries = int(ctx.storage.get("total_queries") or 0)
    await ctx.send(sender, TotalQueries(total_queries=total_queries))
 

We define a protocol query_proto using the Protocol class of uagents. It is defined with a name and a version.

The handle_query_request() function is the message handler function defined using the on_message() decorator. It handles the QueryTableRequest messages and replies with a QueryTableResponse message. The handler processes the table availability query based on the provided parameters, checks the table status stored in the agent's storage, and sends the available table numbers as a response to the querying agent.

Additionally, the handler tracks the total number of queries made and increments the count in storage. On the other hand, handle_get_total_queries() is the message handler function defined using the on_query() decorator. It handles the GetTotalQueries query and replies with a TotalQueries message containing the total number of queries made to the system. The handler retrieves the total query count from the agent's storage and responds with the count.

The overall script should look as follows:

query.py
 
from typing import List
 
from uagents import Context, Model, Protocol
 
 
class TableStatus(Model):
    seats: int
    time_start: int
    time_end: int
 
 
class QueryTableRequest(Model):
    guests: int
    time_start: int
    duration: int
 
 
class QueryTableResponse(Model):
    tables: List[int]
 
 
class GetTotalQueries(Model):
    pass
 
 
class TotalQueries(Model):
    total_queries: int
 
 
query_proto = Protocol(name="RestaurantQueryProtocolExample", version="0.1.0")
 
 
@query_proto.on_message(model=QueryTableRequest, replies=QueryTableResponse)
async def handle_query_request(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: QueryTableRequest):
    tables = {
        int(num): TableStatus(**status)
        for (
            num,
            status,
        ) in ctx.storage._data.items()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
        if isinstance(num, int)
    }
 
    available_tables = []
    for number, status in tables.items():
        if (
                status.seats >= msg.guests
                and status.time_start <= msg.time_start
                and status.time_end >= msg.time_start + msg.duration
        ):
            available_tables.append(int(number))
 
    ctx.logger.info(f"Query: {msg}. Available tables: {available_tables}.")
 
    await ctx.send(sender, QueryTableResponse(tables=available_tables))
 
    total_queries = int(ctx.storage.get("total_queries") or 0)
    ctx.storage.set("total_queries", total_queries + 1)
 
 
@query_proto.on_query(model=GetTotalQueries, replies=TotalQueries)
async def handle_get_total_queries(ctx: Context, sender: str, _msg: GetTotalQueries):
    total_queries = int(ctx.storage.get("total_queries") or 0)
    await ctx.send(sender, TotalQueries(total_queries=total_queries))
 

Table booking protocol

We can now proceed by writing the booking protocol script for booking the table at the restaurant. We first need to import the necessary classes and define the message data models. In this case, the booking protocol consists of two message models: BookTableRequest and BookTableResponse. Then, we create an instance of the Protocol class and name it book_proto and give it a version:

book.py
 
from uagents import Context, Model, Protocol
from .query import TableStatus
 
 
class BookTableRequest(Model):
    table_number: int
    time_start: int
    duration: int
 
 
class BookTableResponse(Model):
    success: bool
 
 
book_proto = Protocol(name="RestaurantBookingProtocolExample", version="0.1.0")
 

• BookTableRequest represents the request to book a table. It includes attributes: table_number to be booked, time_startof the booking, and the duration of the booking.
• BookTableResponse contains the response to the table booking request. It includes a boolean attribute success indicating whether the booking was successful or not.

Let's now define the message handler function:

book.py
 
@book_proto.on_message(model=BookTableRequest, replies=BookTableResponse)
async def handle_book_request(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: BookTableRequest):
    tables = {
        int(num): TableStatus(**status)
        for (
            num,
            status,
        ) in ctx.storage._data.items()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
        if isinstance(num, int)
    }
    table = tables[msg.table_number]
 
    if (
            table.time_start <= msg.time_start
            and table.time_end >= msg.time_start + msg.duration
    ):
        success = True
        table.time_start = msg.time_start + msg.duration
        ctx.storage.set(msg.table_number, table.dict())
    else:
        success = False
 
    # send the response
    await ctx.send(sender, BookTableResponse(success=success))
 

The handle_book_request() handler first retrieves table statuses from the agent's storage and converts them into a dictionary with integer keys (table numbers) and TableStatus values. The TableStatus class is imported from the query module. Next, the handler gets the table associated with the requested table_number from the tables dictionary. The handler checks if the requested time_start falls within the availability period of the table. If the table is available for the requested booking duration, the handler sets success to True, updates the table's time_start to reflect the end of the booking, and saves the updated table information in the agent's storage using ctx.storage.set(). If the table is not available for the requested booking, the handler sets success to False. The handler sends a BookTableResponse message back to the sender with the success status of the booking using the ctx.send() method.

The overall script should be:

book.py
 
from uagents import Context, Model, Protocol
from .query import TableStatus
 
 
class BookTableRequest(Model):
    table_number: int
    time_start: int
    duration: int
 
 
class BookTableResponse(Model):
    success: bool
 
 
book_proto = Protocol(name="RestaurantBookingProtocolExample", version="0.1.0")
 
 
@book_proto.on_message(model=BookTableRequest, replies=BookTableResponse)
async def handle_book_request(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: BookTableRequest):
    tables = {
        int(num): TableStatus(**status)
        for (
            num,
            status,
        ) in ctx.storage._data.items()  # pylint: disable=protected-access
        if isinstance(num, int)
    }
    table = tables[msg.table_number]
 
    if (
            table.time_start <= msg.time_start
            and table.time_end >= msg.time_start + msg.duration
    ):
        success = True
        table.time_start = msg.time_start + msg.duration
        ctx.storage.set(msg.table_number, table.dict())
    else:
        success = False
 
    # send the response
    await ctx.send(sender, BookTableResponse(success=success))
 

Restaurant agent

Let's now move forward and create our restaurant agent in a separate file. In this step, we will import the essential classes from the uagents library and reintegrate the two protocols (book_proto and query_proto) we've previously coded:

restaurant_agent.py
 
from protocols.book import book_proto
from protocols.query import TableStatus, query_proto
from uagents import Agent
 
restaurant = Agent(
    name="restaurant",
    port=8001,
    seed="restaurant recovery phrase",
    endpoint={
        "http://127.0.0.1:8001/submit": {},
    },
)
 

Remember that you need to provide the name, port, seed and endpoint parameters to correctly set up the agent. Let's build the restaurant agent from above protocols and set the table availability information, by also to storing the TABLES information in the restaurant agent storage:

restaurant_agent.py
 
# build the restaurant agent from stock protocols and publish their details
restaurant.include(query_proto, publish_manifest=True)
restaurant.include(book_proto, publish_manifest=True)
 
TABLES = {
    1: TableStatus(seats=2, time_start=16, time_end=22),
    2: TableStatus(seats=4, time_start=19, time_end=21),
    3: TableStatus(seats=4, time_start=17, time_end=19),
}
 
for number, status in TABLES.items():
    restaurant.storage.set(number, status.dict())
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    restaurant.run()
 

The restaurant agent is now online and ready to receive messages.

The overall script would be as follows:

restaurant_agent.py
 
from protocols.book import book_proto
from protocols.query import TableStatus, query_proto
from uagents import Agent
 
restaurant = Agent(
    name="restaurant",
    port=8001,
    seed="restaurant recovery phrase",
    endpoint={
        "http://127.0.0.1:8001/submit": {},
    },
)
 
# build the restaurant agent from stock protocols and publish their details
restaurant.include(query_proto, publish_manifest=True)
restaurant.include(book_proto, publish_manifest=True)
 
TABLES = {
    1: TableStatus(seats=2, time_start=16, time_end=22),
    2: TableStatus(seats=4, time_start=19, time_end=21),
    3: TableStatus(seats=4, time_start=17, time_end=19),
}
 
for number, status in TABLES.items():
    restaurant.storage.set(number, status.dict())
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    restaurant.run()
 

User agent

We can now define the script for our user agent querying and booking a table at the restaurant.

Once we've imported the necessary classes from the uagents library and the two protocols we previously defined, we also need the restaurant agent's address so for the user agent to be able to communicate with it:

user_agent.py
 
from protocols.book import BookTableRequest, BookTableResponse
from protocols.query import (
    QueryTableRequest,
    QueryTableResponse,
)
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
RESTAURANT_ADDRESS = (
    "test-agent://agent1qfpqn9jhvp9cg33f27q6jvmuv52dgyg9rfuu37rmxrletlqe7lewwjed5gy"
)
 
user = Agent(
    name="user",
    port=8000,
    seed="user recovery phrase",
    endpoint={
        "http://127.0.0.1:8000/submit": {},
    },
)
 

Remember that you need to provide the RESTAURANT_ADDRESS, name, port, seed and endpoint parameters to correctly set up the agent and code. Let's then create the table query to generate the QueryTableRequest using the restaurant address. Then, we need to create an on_interval() function which periodically queries the restaurant, asking for the availability of a table given the table_query parameters:

user_agent.py
 
table_query = QueryTableRequest(
    guests=3,
    time_start=19,
    duration=2,
)
 
 
@user.on_interval(period=3.0, messages=QueryTableRequest)
async def interval(ctx: Context):
    completed = ctx.storage.get("completed")
 
    if not completed:
        await ctx.send(RESTAURANT_ADDRESS, table_query)
 

We then need to define the message handler function for incoming QueryTableResponse messages from the restaurant agent:

user_agent.py
 
@user.on_message(QueryTableResponse, replies={BookTableRequest})
async def handle_query_response(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: QueryTableResponse):
    if len(msg.tables) > 0:
        ctx.logger.info("There is a free table, attempting to book one now")
        table_number = msg.tables[0]
        request = BookTableRequest(
            table_number=table_number,
            time_start=table_query.time_start,
            duration=table_query.duration,
        )
        await ctx.send(sender, request)
    else:
        ctx.logger.info("No free tables - nothing more to do")
        ctx.storage.set("completed", True)
 

Let's then define a function which will handle messages from the restaurant agent on whether the reservation was successful or not:

user_agent.py
 
@user.on_message(BookTableResponse, replies=set())
async def handle_book_response(ctx: Context, _sender: str, msg: BookTableResponse):
    if msg.success:
        ctx.logger.info("Table reservation was successful")
    else:
        ctx.logger.info("Table reservation was UNSUCCESSFUL")
 
    ctx.storage.set("completed", True)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    user.run()
 

The overall script would be:

user_agent.py
 
from protocols.book import BookTableRequest, BookTableResponse
from protocols.query import (
    QueryTableRequest,
    QueryTableResponse,
)
from uagents import Agent, Context
 
RESTAURANT_ADDRESS = (
    "test-agent://agent1qfpqn9jhvp9cg33f27q6jvmuv52dgyg9rfuu37rmxrletlqe7lewwjed5gy"
)
 
user = Agent(
    name="user",
    port=8000,
    seed="user recovery phrase",
    endpoint={
        "http://127.0.0.1:8000/submit": {},
    },
)
 
table_query = QueryTableRequest(
    guests=3,
    time_start=19,
    duration=2,
)
 
 
@user.on_interval(period=3.0, messages=QueryTableRequest)
async def interval(ctx: Context):
    completed = ctx.storage.get("completed")
 
    if not completed:
        await ctx.send(RESTAURANT_ADDRESS, table_query)
 
 
@user.on_message(QueryTableResponse, replies={BookTableRequest})
async def handle_query_response(ctx: Context, sender: str, msg: QueryTableResponse):
    if len(msg.tables) > 0:
        ctx.logger.info("There is a free table, attempting to book one now")
        table_number = msg.tables[0]
        request = BookTableRequest(
            table_number=table_number,
            time_start=table_query.time_start,
            duration=table_query.duration,
        )
        await ctx.send(sender, request)
    else:
        ctx.logger.info("No free tables - nothing more to do")
        ctx.storage.set("completed", True)
 
 
@user.on_message(BookTableResponse, replies=set())
async def handle_book_response(ctx: Context, _sender: str, msg: BookTableResponse):
    if msg.success:
        ctx.logger.info("Table reservation was successful")
    else:
        ctx.logger.info("Table reservation was UNSUCCESSFUL")
 
    ctx.storage.set("completed", True)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    user.run()
 

We are ready to run the example.

Run the restaurant agent and then the user agent from different terminals. The output should be as follows:

Restaurant:

[restaurant]: Query: guests=3 time_start=19 duration=2. Available tables: [2].

User:

[ user]: There is a free table, attempting to book one now
[ user]: Table reservation was successful

From novice to navigator: your course conclusion and beyond!

We appreciate your active participation in our introductory course on Agents! The knowledge you've acquired here forms a robust basis for your future Agents development endeavors.

Now, it's time to put your newfound skills to work. We invite you to delve deeper into the world of Agents by exploring our dedicated Agents documentation and GitHub (opens in a new tab) repository. Also, do not forget to checkout our full list of Agents guides diving into the development of Agents and concepts explained in this introductory course, but in a more detailed manner.

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